America's public-school systems have a long history of disproportionately disciplining Black students. First identified in a groundbreaking study in 1975, the issue of over-disciplining our nation's Black students is negatively impacting their academic performance and economic opportunities. Students who receive exclusionary discipline, such as short-term suspension (STS), long-term suspension (LTS), or expulsion (EXP), are less likely to graduate high school and more likely to end up in the juvenile and adult justice systems. Black students are more likely to receive this type of discipline than their White counterparts. The study's goals were to (a) determine if there is disproportional representation of Black students in the three exclusionary discipline categories of STS, LTS, and EXP in Virginia's public-school districts and (b) address whether the factors of a school district's minority rate and socioeconomic status predicted the disproportionality of Black students in the same three discipline categories. A quantitative method, including composition index calculations, was used to respond to the four research questions and test the four corresponding null hypotheses. The calculations covered academic years 2016-2020. The data were analyzed through the lens of critical race theory (CRT) and implicit bias theory. This study found that Black students were disproportionately disciplined in about half of Virginia's public-school districts and that disproportionality occurred consistently over the 4 years of the study. Socioeconomic status and minority rate predicted, to at least a small degree, disproportional representation, though the strength of the relationship between the variables varied by discipline type and predictor variable. CRT and, to a lesser extent, implicit bias theory provided a theoretical framework to help examine the way race and racism influence the disciplinary policies and practices. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]