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Meinck, Sabine, Ed.; Fraillon, Julian, Ed.; Strietholt, Rolf, Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education provision at an unprecedented scale, with education systems around the world being impacted by extended school closures and abrupt changes to normal school operations. The Responses to Educational Disruption Survey (REDS) investigated how teaching and learning were affected by the health crisis, and how…
Descriptors: Surveys, Cross Cultural Studies, COVID-19, Pandemics
Doud, James L. – 1989
This 1988 survey of the elementary/middle school principalship is the sixth of its kind, with similar studies having been conducted in 1928, 1948, 1958, 1968 and 1978. The surveys provide an account of the factors that affect the status and characteristics of the K-8 principal. An 8-page instrument was mailed in the spring of 1987 to 2,414…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Administrator Characteristics, Administrator Education, Administrator Qualifications