This volume sheds empirical light on Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) by providing five sets of analyses of two longitudinal, interactional datasets, involving two dyads exchanging emails over one academic semester. The collective study on CDST is the first of its kind, in that it delves into multiple subsystems of learner language,…

Rubrics are commonly used to assess individuals in the field of education. Although rubrics are frequently used as data sources for research studies, the creation and validation of rubrics have not been common experiences for most researchers. There are many practical issues, such as requiring ongoing training by the evaluation team, in order to…

This book is the first to bring together a collection of recent empirical studies investigating languaging, an important construct first introduced by Swain in 2006 but which has since been deployed in a growing number of L2 studies. The contributing authors include both established and emerging authors from around the globe. They report on…