A study was designed to investigate the ways in which graduate students respond to the fact that their competence must be repeatedly valued by means of grades, written and oral examinations, letters of recommendations, dissertation approvals, and various less official procedures. Some students, the gamesmen, have developed strategies for evading…

The study is concerned with the psychology of citizenship in Great Britain, France, and the United States. Part I of the booklet discusses the use of semiprojective procedures to elicit surface psychocultural dispositions (cognitive and value assumptions, assumptions about behavioral norms, etc.). The procedure involves asking late preadolescent…