In many parts of the world, the state education system is accompanied by a shadow system that mirrors the school curriculum. In England, most provision in the shadow system is through private, one-to-one tutoring, offered by those working independently and through local, regional and national agencies. International surveys indicate that shadow…

This book is designed as a basic text for gaining an understanding of competency-based education. Part one presents an overview of competency-based teacher education focusing in particular on the instructional component. An outline of the general characteristics of competency-based programs is followed by a summary of the social and historical…