Standards-based reform activity dominated K-12 education during the 1990s, reflecting a consensus that improving learning requires state-level curricular standards and examinations. Opponents argue state-imposed standards and tests overly burden districts, degrade teaching and learning, suffer from numerous technical problems, and have failed to…

A variety of approaches to student outcomes in higher education are described and an essay on the topic is included in this bulletin. In the essay, "The Campus as a Learning Environment," Douglas Heath suggests the significance of such projects for liberal education in the broadest sense. The following programs are discussed:…