To clarify issues in the controversy in Sweden concerning the means and ends of family policy, this article analyzes the economic plight of Swedish families with children, elucidates the views of parents and politicians, discusses the changing role and status of women, and considers prospects for the future. Also discussed are work equality and sex discrimination, the low birth rate, government obligation, child care services, tax effects, general versus selective assistance, and the division of governmental responsibility. Concluding remarks focus on an overall view of ends and means, freedom of choice, and inefficiency in the redistribution of wealth through taxes and benefits. (RH)