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Item Parameter Estimation via Marginal Maximum Likelihood and an EM Algorithm: A Didactic.

Peer reviewed

Harwell, Michael R.; And Others – Journal of Educational Statistics, 1988

The Bock and Aitkin Marginal Maximum Likelihood/EM (MML/EM) approach to item parameter estimation is an alternative to the classical joint maximum likelihood procedure of item response theory. This paper provides the essential mathematical details of a MML/EM solution and shows its use in obtaining consistent item parameter estimates. (TJH)

Descriptors: Algorithms, Computer Software, Equations (Mathematics), Estimation (Mathematics)

A Rapidly Converging Recursive Approach to Pi.

Peer reviewed

Dence, Joseph B.; Dence, Thomas P. – Mathematics Teacher, 1993

Presents an algorithm to estimate pi by approximating a unit circle with a sequence of inscribed regular polygons. Demonstrates the application of the algorithm with a hand-held calculator and an Apple computer. Provides a program to calculate pi in Pascal programing language. (12 references) (MDH)

Descriptors: Algorithms, Area, Calculators, Computation