This study was conducted to examine whether adults view reading as a masculine or feminine activity, and to see the impact that variables such as gender, age, educational attainment, attitude toward reading, and reading activity have on adults' views. The sample consisted of 169 adult male and female patients from a doctor's office in Northern New…

Reading attitude has been of great concern since the 1960s. A sex-appropriate attitude toward reading can help learners become effective readers. A study compared the sex differences in attitudes toward reading among seven different Jewish groups. The groups included university students and adults from Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox…

Women's anger expression style has been the focus of several recent studies and has been demonstrated to have deleterious effects on emotional and physical health. The purpose of this study was to review the empirical literature for women's anger expression style and related health and relational consequences. The study reviewed emotion induction,…

To test the proposition that television content can teach sex-typed behaviors and attitudes, this study presented children of two ages (third grade and eighth grade) with one of two sets of television commercials. The first set contained women engaged in nontraditional occupations outside the home. The second set showed traditional women in their…

The purpose of this study was to determine the social role of American women--their marital, maternal, and occupational status--as depicted in literature for intermediate grade children. The hypothesis of this study was that the sex stereotype of "kinder, kuche, kirche" was portrayed by the adult women characters found in the literature available…

The purpose of this study was to determine if sex role stereotyping occurs in elementary school readers and, if it does, to what extent. The study examined and classified the roles, relationships, activities, treatments, generalizations, future directions for life and work, and the relative importance assigned to male and female characters in…

This study investigated the relationship of mathematics achievement to attitude toward mathematics and the level of acceptance of sex-role stereotypes. Forth males and 40 females from each of seventh and eleventh grades participated in the study. Measurement of the variables was achieved by use of the California Achievement Test - Mathematics,…

The major objective of this study was to compare the effects of two modalities of instruction and testing--aural and visual. Other considerations were sex differences in achievement and the exploration of a relationship between sex identity and achievement. The eighth grade boys and girls of average intelligence who participated in this study…

The empirical literature regarding the descriptive links between childhood sexual abuse and adult development is reviewed from an Eriksonian perspective. The problems with studying the developmental effects of childhood sexual abuse are discussed. These include the following problems: the lack of differentiation between sexual abuse cases,…

A study attempted to determine if exposing sixth-grade middle school students to sex-equitable literature followed by discussion would show any significant changes in gender-bias attitudes expressed by the students. Subjects, 26 sixth grade students at a suburban middle school in Middletown, New Jersey, completed a pretest to determine gender-bias…

This study explores the possibility of the existence of female sex stereotypes in the common career fiction available in junior high school libraries in New Jersey. The process of determining the existence of a stereotype in the characterization of employed people in these books involved two steps. A method was developed for analyzing the speech…

This study investigated the relationship between sex-typing of reading and reading comprehension achievement in third grade boys, and sex-typing of reading and reading choice behavior in kindergarten boys. The study also explored the effects of sex and interest of test materials on reading comprehension achievement in third graders. Data were…

A study focused on whether literary character sex role stereotyping in children's literature had a negative or positive effect on reading comprehension. It was hypothesized that no significant differences exist in the comprehension of a mixed gender population when reading about characters in non-traditional sex roles. It was further hypothesized…

A study examined six third-grade basal readers (from the years 1969, 1986, and 1993) to determine whether there has been a significant change in the portrayal of women characters throughout the years. Results: (1) showed more female main characters in the 1993 textbook sampled than in the textbooks from earlier periods; (2) found that female…

Fifty-one fifth grade girls and 50 fifth grade boys participated in a study of the effects, on interest and comprehension, of stereotyped and nonstereotyped sex roles in reading materials. Reading materials consisted of eight 450-word stories about a main character who was either a pilot or a ballet dancer. Two plots were written for each…