80% of students tutored by a CLIP trained teacher remain at or above grade level in reading even 5 years after they are tutored. This is a remarkable rate of success and a lasting testament to the effectiveness of CLIP tutoring. But does the professional development built into the CLIP program also cause teachers to be more effective in the…

This dissertation explores fifth and eighth grade students' interpretations of three kinds of mathematical representations: number lines, the Cartesian plane, and graphs of linear functions. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, I administered the paper-and-pencil Linear Representations Assessment (LRA) to examine students'…