The paper describes ways in which tools, or aids, can promote the interaction of mentally retarded persons with their environment. A classification of these aids is proposed according to psychological characteristics (such as senses, intelligence, knowledge, decision making, and action) as well as types of interaction (such as comprehension,…

Describing key instructional elements in each of Gagne's five categories of learning objectives, this article outlines numerous teaching strategies drawing illustrations from the social studies area. Also outlined are 10 steps to achieve multiple objectives and reduce problems of matching objectives, learning modes, and teaching strategies. (SB)

A model for the development of elementary and secondary instructional materials covering the broad range of intellectual skills is presented. The document is a result of a search to identify and evaluate existing instructional materials, classification schemes, models, hierarchies, and taxonomies of cognition. It is presented in four sections.…

This article discusses William G. Perry's model of intellectual development, which posits that college students move through four phases of understanding their relationship to knowledge: dualism (knowledge as received truth), multiplicity (knowledge as opinion), relativism (knowledge as relativistic), and commitment in relativism. Specific…