Colleges were founded in many cities of Victorian England. Some failed; others became the civic universities of twentieth-century Britain. How these civic universities were governed is described. Specifically discussed are courts, councils, trustees, faculty, powers, curriculum, appointments, finance, principals, and constitutions. (RM)

In examining the sexual structuring of employment in public education from 1840 to 1980, the following social phenomenon are discussed: (1) socially accepted attitudes on the role of women in the early part of the nineteenth century; (2) the structure of schooling and cultural emphasis upon the "natural" abilities of women to instruct young…