Tao Xingzhi (1891-1946) was an outstanding modern educator, whose theory and practice of life education represented a radical discourse in the Chinese debate on modern education and national reconstruction. Although he is most often known as a Deweyan reformer in the mainstream of American studies, in his theoretical maturity Tao can more…

Addresses historical issues in psychiatric/mental health nursing in the United Kingdom including attempts to integrate it with general nursing, the balance of theory/research and practice, and tensions over the recent shift to university-level nurse preparation. Discusses needs for the future. (Contains 42 references and commentary by Sheri…

Several major attempts at reform that have occurred over the past half century are described, and lessons from the past are emphasized. It is urged that all reports be examined to determine what next steps are warranted based on history and the current knowledge base. (Author/MT)

This paper interrelates the conceptual approaches of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu to draw a method to investigate reform in elementary education (ages 6-16) in Iceland in the past 25 years. First is a brief explanation of the conceptual framework of the research that has been conducted on the reform. Identified are three main spectra of…

In examining current trends in Europe's educational research, the paper presents a brief history of education in Europe, then discusses the effect of diversity and unity on national research systems, organizational patterns and issues, typological and methodological issues, and the impact of educational research on decision making. (SM)

Throughout the early years of the twentieth century, literacy education was based on the solid understanding of grammar. Yet as early as 1923, empirical data indicated that the link between knowledge of grammar and correct use of English was tenuous at best. Despite formidable evidence, some educators still advocate the use of grammar as a…

Defines and broadly traces the history of educational planning in both developing and industrialized capitalist nations. Discusses general approaches to educational planning (technical versus political planning, top-down versus bottom-up planning, and various theoretical bases); the contingency view of planning; case examples of planned,…

Most studies on the history of educational ideas have focused on what influential educational theorists and policy-makers have said and written at particular times, constructing a "view from the top." The project from which this article is derived focused on the ways theoretical debates have been "lived" by teachers in New…

This bulletin provides a comprehensive account of the establishment of the cooperative system of education in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, from conceptualization to implementation. The cooperative course was not the product of an academic laboratory of pedagogical research, but rather an investigation of the…

The development of a new national policy on achievement testing and how researchers sought to influence its development are chronicled. This development has been marked by the emergence of assessment advocates and educational researchers as two classes of assessment experts. Their differential effects on educational reform are explored. (SLD)

Praises Anton S. Makarenko's work and pedagogical theories. Calls for research into applying Makarenko's theories to the Soviet Union's current educational reform. Highlights Makarenko's success at unifying theory and practice at his labor collective school. These theories focus on democratizing school relations, promoting individual development,…

Discusses the experiences and ideas of Anton S. Makarenko, an early influential Soviet educator known for his children's labor collective school that operated in the 1920s near Poltava. Examines Makarenko's legacy for the current educational reform movement, which emphasizes methods that combine instruction with social production and seeks ways to…

The object teaching revolution challenged the 19th century American education practices of learning by rote memorization and relying on the textbook and teacher for knowledge. The American version of object teaching evolved from Pestalozzi's educational philosophy of "Arschauung," which refers to learning from direct concrete…

Reviews the history of providing noneducational services to children in a school setting from the perspective of past and present reform efforts. Argues that urban school reform should be based on a "children-at-risk" model rather than a "nation-at-risk" model and should incorporate lessons from the past. (SLD)

The history of educational psychology is traced from its beginnings after 1800. The major function of the field has been to serve as a conduit between the academic disciplines of psychology and the applied field of education. The discipline has great potential to contribute to educational policy formation. (SLD)