Governments are challenged with pursuing macro-level interests for the good of the group, while also needing to accommodate and to acknowledge the needs and preferences of people at the micro-level. Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's (MEXT) "English Education Reform Plan corresponding to…

Dealing with religious issues in the counseling process is a difficulty many therapists encounter. This paper explores a way of understanding religious ideology using Erik Erikson's concept of religious ideology as an organizer of identity. It suggests that, if religion does function as an ideology, then it would be helpful for psychotherapists to…

Analyzes Reagan's foreign economic policy, and presents reasons for the misinformation surrounding Reaganomics. Outlines the Reagan administration's economic goals, including a discussion of the U.S. trade deficit and attempts to remedy it. Addresses criticisms launched against Reagan's economic policy, and provides cross-country data on budget…

Traces U.S.-USSR relations throughout Ronald Reagan's administration. Analyzes the shifts in Reagan's policies toward the Soviet Union. Examines the reasons why Reagan changed his views on the Soviet Union, and discusses the political Right's response to Reagan's changed position. (RW)

An analysis of 50 textbooks used in the elementary schools of the former Belgian Congo reveals an overt attempt to propagate colonial ideology. Fundamental themes included the legitimacy of the colonization, denigration of the indigenous culture, and establishment of colonial authority. Three books, however, resisted this indoctrination and one…

The cultural nature of the concept of the child in American early childhood education from 1880 to the present was examined. Chapters 1 through 10 consider the following concepts: (1) the child as a theoretical construction in a review of the literature; (2) the exaltation of childhood by Froebel and the American Froebelians; (3) the savage child…

Examines how Paulo Freire's pedagogy changed, and how it affected pedagogical discourses when it was implemented by different education groups in Sweden. Explains how ideas move from one context to another using a grid-group model to analyze the text-translator, text-transformation process. Suggests theoretical systems can be used as ideological…