Defines and broadly traces the history of educational planning in both developing and industrialized capitalist nations. Discusses general approaches to educational planning (technical versus political planning, top-down versus bottom-up planning, and various theoretical bases); the contingency view of planning; case examples of planned,…

During the 1950s-60s, a "people as clay" metaphor undergirded the most widely accepted English-language, predominantly North American writings on education for Third World development. Writings based on "people as growing plants" challenged the earlier writings from the late 1960s-late 1970s. Late 1970s developments have helped…