Background: Leaderboards are among the most popular gamification elements in education. Some studies have implemented leaderboards and reported their individual effects on students' learning. Despite the emergence of relevant empirical studies, most of the existing reviews have only investigated the holistic impact of gamification. No previous…

Background Study: Gamification is an effective and interactive approach to engaging students in teaching and learning. As digital technology develops, higher education institutions (HEIs) must embrace and keep pace with gamification for interactive teaching and learning approaches. Objective: The purpose of this study is to review gamification in…

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted education, necessitating alternative methods to traditional face-to-face teaching. This dramatic change, in tandem with increasing awareness of the metaverse--a virtual reality (VR) world wherein humanity might learn, work and socialise--has made a clear need for a better understanding of the…