The youth smoking problem is discussed and assistance is provided for teachers in developing smoking prevention and cessation programs. Four chapters serve as guides to understanding and working with the youth smoking problem. "Teenage Smoking in America" reviews trends in teenage smoking behavior and the factors that influence the initiation of…

Analyzes research on females' self-confidence in sport and physical activity. The article compares three models that link confidence to achievement, examines research variables that may influence female self-confidence, discusses sex differences, and offers enhancement strategies and future research directions. (SM)

A review of the literature on teacher socialization reveals emphasis on two broad research categories: outcomes of teacher socialization, and factors that influence those outcomes. Research is consistent with respect to the outcomes of socialization. Progressive and liberal views that students adopt during college shift after their initial…

A review of the research on the effects of parental influence and parental involvement on children's reading achievement indicates that when parents take an active and positive part in their child's education the results often turn out well for the student. Parental influence is defined as any opinion, attitude, or action (other than direct…

Men in early childhood settings can be role models to children and others in society. Fully valuing males in early childhood education would require restructuring gender role stereotypes. The contributions of male staff and parents in rural early childhood settings are examined, positive and negative aspects of male inclusion are discussed, the…

Traditional sex role stereotypes, as reflected in the attitudes and values of rural southern females, educators, employers, male partners, parents, and communities, have a negative influence on the southern rural female's desire for and access to non-traditional training and employment; black females face both racial and sexual bias. Mothers exert…