Reviews the literature on the multiple-shift school day in various countries. Notes the paucity of research available. Examines financial savings, academic achievement, instructional time, extracurricular activities, and discipline problems. Concludes that multiple shifts can lower costs without greatly reducing educational quality. Contains 27…

Indepth research on Chinese students questions Western notions regarding motivation and memorization. Chinese educators believe creativity and understanding require much effort, repetition, and attention. Time on task and behavioral problems may be less relevant. Reform efforts using transplanted ideas must consider both societies' contexts.…