This scope-review presents the milestones of how Hierarchical Rater Models (HRMs) become operable to used in automated essay scoring (AES) to improve instructional evaluation. Although essay evaluations--a useful instrument for evaluating higher-order cognitive abilities--have always depended on human raters, concerns regarding rater bias,…

This paper presents a scoping review of, firstly, how teachers use digital technologies for school-based assessment, and secondly, how these assessment-purposed digital technologies are used in teacher- and student-centred pedagogies. It draws on research about the use of assessment-purposed digital technologies in school settings, published from…

This issue focuses on the theme of successful distributed networking in educational computing, both in the United States and in foreign countries. Digital Equipment Corporation's External Research Program is described, and the use of computing to provide solutions in academics and administration for a wide range of users and equipment is…

The "Electronic School," a supplement to "The American School Board Journal," provides network news and contains six articles about closing the gap between technology haves and have-nots, library automation, putting Title 1 funds to use for technology purchases, funding from education foundations, using e-mail for board business, and cooperation…

The effects of instructional technology on learning are determined by the extent to which hardware and software amplify the basic capabilities of an instructor. Experience indicates that rational considerations such as cost-effectiveness are not usually the primary factors in making decisions about use of technology in training. Most large…