Exposure to stigma and stereotype threat is detrimental for numerous marginalized groups. Research has demonstrated that individuals with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are vulnerable to stigmatization. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the studies investigating associations between SLD-related stigma and stereotype…

Background: Vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of bone disease, muscle weakness and fractures. The aim of this systematic review is to assess for the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in people with learning disability. Method: The "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses" checklist was followed where…

In this article, I systematically review evidence on the relations between oral reading fluency (ORF) and reading comprehension (RC) for adolescents with limited reading proficiency (ALRP) in Grades 6 to12. I organized findings from 23 studies into five themes: (a) unclear role of ORF in the simple view of reading model for ALRP, (b) ALRP have…

In this article we present a summary of the literature on the associations between learning difficulties/disabilities and juvenile delinquency. This literature is almost a hundred years old, but, although reportedly demonstrating the low academic achievement-delinquency connection, contains numerous unanswered questions regarding the frequency,…

Prior reviews of evidence for the impact of formative assessment on student achievement suggest widely different estimates of formative assessment's effectiveness, ranging from 0.40 and 0.70 standard deviations in one review. The purpose of this study is to describe variability in the effectiveness of formative assessment for promoting student…

Many studies of school achievement find a significant association between reading and arithmetic achievement. The magnitude of the association varies widely across the studies, but the sources of this variation have not been identified. The purpose of this paper is to examine the magnitude and determinants of the relation between arithmetic and…

This chapter presents an over-review of the related literature and describes current findings in learning disabilities. Specifically, a definition of learning disabilities (LD) is provided, followed by a description of the prognosis for students identified with LD, predictors of success, factors in coping, and the relationship of LD to behavior.…

Through a review of the literature on mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) and low achievement in mathematics (LA) we have proposed a model classifying mathematical skills involved in learning mathematics into four domains (Core number, Memory, Reasoning, and Visual-spatial). In this paper we present a new experimental computer-based battery…

This review examines the relationship between specific reading disabilities and aggressive behavior. It finds that there is not enough evidence to conclude that reading disability causes aggressive or delinquent behavior, though limited evidence does suggest that reading disability may worsen preexisting aggressive behavior. (Author/DB)

The author cites representative studies on the relationship of intelligence to nine specific factors: undernutrition and malnutrition; mother's health during pregnancy; prematurity; anoxia; smoking during pregnancy; childhood ill-health; twins; birth order; and brain damage. (SJL)

A literature review reveals that learning disabled children are more likely than normal achievers to attribute successes, but not failures, to external factors. The implications of locus of control for the field of learning disabilities are discussed in terms of its relation to academic achievement, learned helplessness, and remediation programs.…

This article reviews research specific to the relationship between learning disabilities and attention deficit disorders. Shared psychosocial and academic characteristics of the two groups are noted, along with the neurological basis of the disorders. Implications for future research on the increased specificity of the association are discussed.…

Given the paucity of research describing the use of the TONI-3 with urban children with disabilities, a brief review of the literature was conducted. While little relevant research was identified, the use of the TONI-3 was supported in a number of diverse settings. This paper also describes a study designed to examine the validity of the Test of…

It is argued that challenging behavior can be better understood if a correlational analysis (looking for correlations between behavior occurrence and other variables) is used in addition to functional analysis. A case example is provided of a man whose aggressive outbursts were negatively correlated with trips out of his unit. (Contains…