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Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Strickland, Bonnie R. – American Psychologist, 1989
Reviews research on the theory of internal-external (IE) control expectancies over the past 30 years. Relates the IE to the following current attributions and personal styles: (1) perceived control; (2) helplessness; and (3) optimism, particularly in regard to health. (FMW)
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Cognitive Development, Creativity, Health
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Smith, Sandra N. – Journal of Negro Education, 1979
Summarizes research studies published since 1960 which provide comparative data on Black and White adolescents. Topics covered include academic achievement, development, creativity, achievement motivation, locus of control, self-concept, personality, aspirations, attitudes and beliefs, and mass media use patterns. (GC)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Adolescents, Aspiration, Attitudes