Presents a review of literature on ethical decision-making models in counseling, beginning in the fall of 1984 through the summer of 1998. Surveys theoretically or philosophically based, practice-based, and specialty-relevant approaches. Results indicate the literature is rich with decision-making model descriptions, although few have been…

Research on the complexity of teaching, what teachers know, and methods of studying teachers' thought processes are discussed. Implications of research on teacher thinking lead to the view that research enables teachers to understand practice rather than to dictate it. (MT)

To enhance school improvement, decision making should be based on objective and quantifiable criteria. According to this review of nine curriculum domains (philosophy, evaluation, design, theory, policy, history, development, research, and curriculum as a field of study) and associated practices, most curriculum decisions are made in a variety of…

This paper uses an ethnographic orientation to contrast trainer-oriented intervention practices with more client-centered or naturalistic practices in speech therapy. Specific ways that control is established and sustained are outlined. Use of an ethnographic perspective is recommended to create intervention contexts that allow children to be…

Examines the role of research in assisting library managers to operate libraries more effectively. Strategies for research and for library managers to better create and use research are suggested; conceptual and practical issues that affect research utilization are discussed; and the need for improved efforts by both library managers and…

This literature review seeks to provide an assessment of the current status of formal, institution-wide planning in higher education. It offers an overview of the roots and assumptions underlying the conduct of planning; summarizes higher education's experience with formal planning; and offers insights into factors that may limit its…

The paper presents the thesis that experienced physicians, while diagnosing routine cases, are operating upon knowledge structures that are distinctively different from those of novice physicians and students. In the course of their medical training, students develop rich, elaborated causal networks, explaining the causes and consequences of…

This paper focuses on reflection and reflective thinking as a means of developing expertise in instructional designers. The need for the reflective instructional designer is discussed, and reflective thinking is examined from several perspectives, i.e., controlled thinking, tacit knowledge, epistemic assumption, abductive reasoning, willingness to…

Discusses factors that influence the selection of treatment approaches in speech-language therapy, the importance of efficacy studies on treatment decisions, the role of parents and families in influencing treatment decisions, challenging the scientific orthodoxy, and trusting clinicians to evaluate the effectiveness of new treatment approaches.…

Research developments in cognitive psychology, and their implications for teaching and learning at the level of professional education, are summarized. Areas discussed include organization of long-term memory, influences on storage and retrieval from memory, problem solving and transfer/use of analogy, concept formation/categorization/pattern…

Though less reliant on military images, women administrators have also used, and been required to use, battle models of leadership. Those who operate under different leadership assumptions have only recently received professional acceptance. The work of Carlos Castenada reveals how the Yaqui Indians trained their spiritual leaders (their…

This essay discusses the prospect of utilizing well-confirmed knowledge to enhance the chances for the schooling success of every student in today's elementary schools through secondary schools. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the state of practice. The balance of the paper illustrates an efficient way to apply research and practical…

The impact of research and development (R&D) on decision making and managers in vocational education and training (VET) was examined through a review of recent Australian studies in VET and health care. The framework adopted to analyze the relationships between R&D and decision making distinguished between the decision-making domain, the…

Intended for secondary school teachers in all subject areas, this book synthesizes and translates reading-related research on a variety of specific topics. Each chapter in the book opens with a question or questions posed by teachers, then proceeds to a discussion of the research and practice pertaining to the issues raised. Each chapter ends with…

The Strategic Training of Employees Model (STEM) is a comprehensive training framework that balances the need for training against the constraints existing within organizations. The STEM is based on advances in economic and educational research. The following are among the theories that lay at the STEM's foundation: reinforcement theory; social…