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Direct linkPotvin, Patrice – Studies in Science Education, 2023
This article presents a critical and systematic review of the science education research literature that explores the response of learners to contradicting information (anomalous data). The review is framed in the cognitive conflict process model (CCPM) and provides an analysis of (1) the types and frequency of possible responses, (2) the…
Descriptors: Science Education, Science Process Skills, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Download full textMunro, Murray J. – CATESOL Journal, 2018
Mid-20th-century scholars argued that second language (L2) instruction should be rooted in a comparison of the structural characteristics of the first language (L1) and L2. Their enthusiasm for a "scientific" approach to errors reflected the view, based on the contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH), that learners' difficulties could be…
Descriptors: Prediction, Pronunciation, Pronunciation Instruction, Difficulty Level
Gierl, Mark J.; Bulut, Okan; Guo, Qi; Zhang, Xinxin – Review of Educational Research, 2017
Multiple-choice testing is considered one of the most effective and enduring forms of educational assessment that remains in practice today. This study presents a comprehensive review of the literature on multiple-choice testing in education focused, specifically, on the development, analysis, and use of the incorrect options, which are also…
Descriptors: Multiple Choice Tests, Difficulty Level, Accuracy, Error Patterns
