This policy analysis examines regional and national policy and normative documents, and existing literature related to digital learning in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. The report captures the state of the education recovery after the COVID-19 school closures and explores trends, promising practices, challenges,…

Purpose: This era is the time for upskilling and producing workforce that is capable of effectively dealing with the day-by-day increasing demand of the industry. As the world is changing, its needs are changing in the same way and at the same speed. The world has become more digitized now. Moreover, we have a dramatic shift from Education 1.0 to…

This publication addresses the intersection of gender and information and communication technologies (ICT) as reflected in the primary research literature and in educational practices and policies of the Commonwealth, the USA and Scandinavian countries. It summarises outcomes of two large-scale systematic reviews, namely: a meta-analysis of…

Within a very few years, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has turned out to be an effective educational technology which promotes some dramatic changes in teaching and learning processes. Technologies allow students to work more productively than in the past, but the teacher's role in technology-rich classrooms is more demanding than…

Theoretical approaches and frameworks which are helpful to understand the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the formal education sector are reviewed and examined. The structured literature review and documentary research techniques are applied. Relationships between ICT, curriculum development, pedagogy, and practice in…

This literature review explores the historical development of information and communication technology (ICT) in Irish postprimary/secondary schools and examines how the education system has responded to the various ICT initiatives and policy changes. The review has found that despite national policy and significant ICT initiatives, it appears that…

Creating effective learning environments with technology remains a challenge for teachers. Despite the tremendous push for educators to integrate technology into their classrooms, many have yet to do so and struggle to find consistent success with technology-based instruction. The challenges to effective technology integration have been…

The overriding message from most current research on computer-based technology in K-12 education is that technology is a means, not an end; a tool for achieving goals, not a goal in itself. Yet many schools and districts make their investments before establishing clear plans for technology use. The real question is not whether technology can make…

Spending on computer-based technology in schools continues to grow, based on an expectation that student learning will follow suit, yet, many educators and policymakers are still unsure of how to get the most return on this investment. Research shows that in addition to monetary investments, substantial planning and organization are required if…

Discusses the 1985 Soviet national computer literacy campaign, its structure and assumptions, and computer hardware and software developed to support it. Compares Soviet and U.S. views about roles of computers in education and educational reform and the ways to promote computer use. Contains 50 references in English and descriptions of 4 Soviet…

This literature review discusses the importance of technology to support teachers' professional development. Section 1, "Technology and Professional Development," highlights technology capacity of America's schools; barriers to effective technology use and professional development (e.g., lack of teacher training and lack of hardware and…

Literature on the influence of computers on learning in formal classroom and informal out-of-school contexts is reviewed, and the primary policy considerations in diffusion of computer-based educational technology are examined. The article suggests that the boundaries between formal and informal learning environments can be overcome with…

In Greece, "small schools" usually means those with less than 50, and perhaps, as few as 3 children. The isolation and inaccessibility of many regions, due to Greece's many mountain ranges and islands, have resulted in many small "schools of necessity." Even with the demographic shift to urban regions since World War II, 24…

Research reports and articles on the effectiveness of technology in the student learning environment reflect a variety of opinions and conclusions. Educators who are making decisions about the use of technology will want to examine research results with the following questions in mind: Do research results and expert opinions support the continued…

Discusses several rationales for the use of computers in elementary and secondary schools, and describes differences in policies and needs in developing and industrial countries. Topics discussed include computer literacy; programing; computer-assisted instruction; student record keeping; administrative functions; industry's interests; cost…