This chapter introduces theory that undergirds the role of testing adaptations in assessment, provides examples of item modifications and testing accommodations, reviews research relevant to each, and introduces a new paradigm that incorporates opportunity to learn (OTL), academic enablers, testing adaptations, and inferences that can be made from…

The changing achievement relationships among students, from elementary through high school, were investigated between their ages relative to their classmates and their ages at entry into first grade. A secondary analysis was performed on the data collected by the National Assessment of Educational Progress. The sample involved Caucasian students…

This article presents a framework to be used in studying public policy in children's mental health. It focuses the stages of policy development and implementation, the relationships among different governmental levels, the relationships among different service sectors, and variables affecting the likelihood a policy will achieve its intended…