Reviews the political, economic, and educational situations in China to explain why the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) has revived and to forecast the development of EFL over the next two decades. Topics explored include language needs of students of science and technology, teaching methodologies, and teacher training. (CB)

In Czechoslovakia and other Eastern European countries, where native English speakers are rare and only limited quantities of English-language literature are available, the English for specific purposes teacher has to be more versatile and be able to accommodate the varying levels of English mastery of students. (CB)

This paper presents the results of a review of 26 research articles, discussing the importance, frequency, and realization of hedges in science research article. It also considers why students find hedging so difficult to master and raises implications thereof. The need to present scientific claims with precision and caution means that hedges are…