As a key predictor of students' academic achievement parental involvement has been in the centre of attention of both educational researchers and policymakers for quite some time. Immigrant parents represent a growing, but under-researched group with its distinctive experiences and expectations. This study provides a systematic synthesis of 40…

Studies of native speakers' linguistic adjustment for communication with nonnative speakers indicate that, although the modifications sometimes result in ungrammatical speech, more often they provide well-formed and appropriate input for the listener. Several reasons for these adjustments are identified. It appears nonnative speakers cannot…

Research shows that a very large percentage of Japanese university students are apprehensive about communicating orally, to the degree that their fear may be debilitating, weakening their effectiveness as oral interactants in social and classroom situations. This uneasiness with speech has been culturally ingrained for centuries. Children are…