Studies on learning strategies across cultures in higher education inform the internationalisation of teaching and learning. Previous comparisons relied on geographical generalisations (e.g., "Asian", "Western", "Latin-American") or only variable-centred methods, which can overgeneralise the contexts they represent.…

Discusses distance education efforts in Indonesia and examines problems that have been encountered with adopting Western models that have not been adapted to the cultural behavior of Indonesian teachers and students. Indonesian heteronomy is discussed, the oral learning tradition is examined, and suggestions for changing the distance education…

This discussion of the relationship between self-directed learning, adult development, and distance education presents findings from researchers in the field of autonomous learning. In addition, the implications of self-directed learning for the curriculum and teaching methods in distance education are considered. The document is divided into the…