In recent decades, spirituality has become a prominent focus of psychological inquiry. As research begins to elucidate the role of spiritual beliefs and behaviours in mental health and the influences of spirituality in psychotherapy, developing therapist competency in this domain has increased in importance. This article will first situate…

This article reviews the literature published in the last 20 years on working alliance in adolescents involuntarily enrolled in intervention programs. Firstly, Bordin's adaptation of the concept of working alliance to adolescent populations is discussed. This is followed by an analysis of the main results of empirical studies on helping…

Presence is the counsellor's way of being with clients as distinguished from the application of technique and it involves a meeting between counsellor and client. Presence fits intuitively in the realm of the therapeutic relationship and master therapists from different therapeutic traditions have described how their presence with clients…

Explores the meaning and function of client resistance in counseling from various theoretical orientations. A relational model of resistance is offered that redefines traditional formulations and has implications for clinical treatment. A vignette illustrates that the counselor's contribution to the emergence of client resistance is a relevant…

Outlines a study that focuses on a critical analysis of literature on gay affirmative therapy. Research sample consisted of 33 journal articles and summaries of conference papers, dated between 1982 and 1995. Fifteen themes were identified as features of gay affirmative therapy. Evidence of counselors working at a macro and micro level within…

Reviews and contrasts 23 interpersonal personality theory (IPT) and 19 relational control theory (RCT) studies of observable client-therapist interactions in brief individual and family therapy. Notes that, although results do not consistently confirm either model, evidence tends to support IPT in context of individual therapy and RCT in context…

Presents brief history of process research leading to development of process model, which guided development of four measures: therapist intentions, therapist response modes, client reactions, and client behaviors. For each measure, presents description and information about format for data collection, validity, reliability, and research findings.…

Examines the development and implementation of a specific model for providing family counseling to immigrant and refugee families. Discusses the influence of narrative theory in its ability to address the challenges of ethno-cultural diversity and the imbalances of power inherent in cross-cultural counseling. Highlights the dynamics of a…

Describes two models of counseling and psychotherapy that are based on a synthesis of developmental theory and multicultural counseling theory with a coconstructivist epistemology: Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT), and Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy (SCDT). Presents five principles to help clinicians expand their own…

The development and refinement of the Preservation, Accommodation, and Repatterning model (PAR) took place over a 10-year period. This paper presents a discussion of the evolution of PAR. The paper describes the observations and the line of empirical research findings that guided conceptualization and evaluation of the model. The model was…

Reviews studies of counseling relationship, using Gelso and Carter's multidimensional model to summarize empirical support for "real,""unreal," and "working alliance" elements of relationship. Discussion of implications of potential model shift in thinking of counseling relationship outlines how adoption of social…

Conceptions of the male role are a highly salient facet of worldview worthy of consideration for counselors working with male populations. This paper introduces broad conceptual models of the male role including traditional masculinity, ideology, and gender role conflict and briefly summarizes research using these models, which illustrates the…

Conceptualizes the counseling process and its outcome by comparing it metaphorically to Freud's psychosexual stage conception of personality development. Focuses on resemblances between oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. New meanings can be drawn from these resemblances, leading to fresh insight into the counseling relationship.…

Discuess how sexuality is determined by multiple influences, including sociocutural factors. Presents a new paradigm that analyzes categories of human sexual behavior. A model of sexual orientation is presented that is based on multiplicity and examines overlapping identities and statuses of culture, age, race, ethnicity, class, and disability.…

Introduces action plan development model that describes the process recommended to assist clients who receive employment counseling through Canada Employment Centers. Decision-making process is established in the employment counseling assessment interviews illustrating how potential objectives are explored, prioritized, and translated into…