This meta-analysis reviewed 144 studies from 1996 to 2013 using the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Internal consistency was 0.89 and test-retest reliability 0.75. Convergent comparisons were robust across 43 depression instruments. Structural validity supported both one- and two-factor solutions and diagnostic accuracy varied according…

Through a review of the literature on the test-frequency effect, we identified several underlying factors that may determine student learning outcome beyond the number of tests administered in a course. A realignment of the conceptual framework of the test-frequency effect with these variables is therefore proposed for future research. However,…