Through the creation of a matauranga Maori framework, termed Te Kunenga, this review has investigated how Maori teachers and Maori students have experienced inclusion in English-medium schools in Aotearoa New Zealand. Reviewed literature included qualitative published research and government reports from 2004-2022, when Ministry-led initiatives…

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), signed in 1965, was a pivotal civil rights law to address the dream of equitable education for all children on the mainland and in U.S. territories. The ESEA was followed by the Bilingual Education Act (BEA), signed by President Johnson in 1968. The BEA specifically addressed the necessities of…

A discussion of the what, why, how, and when of bilingualism links it to biculturalism and demonstrates that effective psycholinguistic studies of bilingualism must consider the interaction of language and social structure and the functionalistic-communicative trends of linguistics. 28 references. (Author/CB)

Aims at providing a basis for reviewing cultural transmission in learning English as a second language. What is contended here is that language learning is culture learning, and cultural competence consists of the ability to draw from any culture, native or other, with a sense of discernment and purpose. (SED)

Two major questions are discussed concerning early language immersion: (1) Is it necessarily the best way to acquire a second language permanently and naturally? and (2) Does it provide a genuinely enriching experience for a young child? The author urges caution in interpreting research and consideration of other paths to biculturalism. (PP)

One in a series on cultural pluralism and multicultural education, this collection of 10 brief articles focuses on bilingual education with much of the material specific to Spanish-English programs. Dennis Wilson discusses Indian self determination and the task of preserving Indian culture while solving contemporary Indian problems. Lorenzo…

The nine articles are divided into three general topics: language, cognition, and social development. Eduardo Hernandez-Chavez discusses strategies in early second language acquisition and their implications for bilingual instruction. Eugene E. Garcia, Lento Maez, and Gustavo Gonzales examine the incidence of language switching in Spanish/English…