Research suggests effective professional learning communities (PLCs) enhance teacher collaboration and student achievement. Some studies indicate that these communities also predict greater collective efficacy, while others suggest teacher efficacy is predictive of teachers working together. Although studies have identified effective,…

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a critical review of the mediation studies published in the field of Human Resource Development (HRD) to discern if the study designs, the nature of data collection and the choice of statistical methods justify the causal claims made in those studies. Design/methodology/approach: This paper conducts…

Applies the social relations model (SRM), designed to analyze nonindependent data, as a solution for studying the ways in which group members interrelate and influence one another that avoids some of the data analysis problems indigenous to group psychotherapy research. Discusses examples of applications of SRM to previously inaccessible research…

The logical flaw of using the methods of path analysis and structural equation modeling to make causative conclusions is demonstrated. A proper evaluation of the role of investigation versus experimentation is cited in the work of W. G. Cochran as explicated by D. R. Rubin (1983). (TJH)