Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, one in four children in the East Asia and Pacific region was failing to master basic literacy and numeracy skills in primary school. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the situation of learning for millions of children whose education has been interrupted by school closures. Children who were struggling to learn before the pandemic and those from disadvantaged communities are at the core of the learning challenge in East Asia and Pacific. This technical report aims at helping countries reflect on and draw from successful experiences in the region when designing their responses to the learning crisis. And it explains the urgent need to support learning recovery for those children whose schools closed at any time during the pandemic. This literature review highlights recent evidence that points to effective strategies for improving learning outcomes among the most vulnerable and marginalized children in primary school in the East Asia and Pacific region. Generally, the review: (1) Presents an overview of the learning crisis in the East Asia and Pacific region, with emphasis on primary education and the most marginalized children; (2) Identifies, compiles and assesses qualitative and quantitative evidence on the topic of learning outcomes around five common intervention areas; and (3) Synthesizes the findings of the reviewed studies on promising approaches to improve learning outcomes within each of the selected topics.