The limitations of widely used intelligence tests are discussed within current use, along with adequacy of diagnosis, and specific and general ability measures. Tests of individual abilities are presented as reliant on largely unvalidated clinical inferences and judgements. Three emerging individual learning assessment models are described. (CM)

The Learning Potential Assessment Device and Instrumental Enrichment are two much needed improvements in education. Used in tandem, they rectify previous problems of testing and teaching by providing an unbiased assessment device which does not rely on labels for categories of learners. (VM)