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Lang, Joseph B. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2023
This article is concerned with the statistical detection of copying on multiple-choice exams. As an alternative to existing permutation- and model-based copy-detection approaches, a simple randomization p-value (RP) test is proposed. The RP test, which is based on an intuitive match-score statistic, makes no assumptions about the distribution of…
Descriptors: Identification, Cheating, Multiple Choice Tests, Item Response Theory
Kula, Fulya; Koçer, Rüya Gökhan – Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications, 2020
Difficulties in learning (and thus teaching) statistical inference are well reported in the literature. We argue the problem emanates not only from the way in which statistical inference is taught but also from what exactly is taught as statistical inference. What makes statistical inference difficult to understand is that it contains two logics…
Descriptors: Statistical Inference, Teaching Methods, Difficulty Level, Comprehension
Joshua B. Gilbert; Luke W. Miratrix; Mridul Joshi; Benjamin W. Domingue – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2025
Analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) plays a crucial role in understanding the impacts of educational interventions. A standard practice for HTE analysis is to examine interactions between treatment status and preintervention participant characteristics, such as pretest scores, to identify how different groups respond to treatment.…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Item Response Theory, Statistical Inference, Psychometrics
Sullivan, Patrick – Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12, 2022
Probabilistic reasoning underpins much of middle school students' future work in data analysis and inferential statistics. Unfortunately for many middle school students, probabilistic reasoning is not intuitive. One specific area in which students seem to struggle is determining the probability of compound events (Moritz and Watson 2000). Research…
Descriptors: Mathematics Instruction, Thinking Skills, Middle School Students, Data Analysis
Lodge, Jason M.; Alhadad, Sakinah S. J.; Lewis, Melinda J.; Gaševic, Dragan – Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 2017
The use of big data in higher education has evolved rapidly with a focus on the practical application of new tools and methods for supporting learning. In this paper, we depart from the core emphasis on application and delve into a mostly neglected aspect of the big data conversation in higher education. Drawing on developments in cognate…
Descriptors: Statistical Inference, Data Interpretation, Interdisciplinary Approach, Higher Education
Hofman, Abe D.; Brinkhuis, Matthieu J. S.; Bolsinova, Maria; Klaiber, Jonathan; Maris, Gunter; van der Maas, Han L. J. – Journal of Intelligence, 2020
One of the highest ambitions in educational technology is the move towards personalized learning. To this end, computerized adaptive learning (CAL) systems are developed. A popular method to track the development of student ability and item difficulty, in CAL systems, is the Elo Rating System (ERS). The ERS allows for dynamic model parameters by…
Descriptors: Teaching Methods, Computer Assisted Instruction, Difficulty Level, Individualized Instruction
France, Stephen L.; Batchelder, William H. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2015
Cultural consensus theory (CCT) is a data aggregation technique with many applications in the social and behavioral sciences. We describe the intuition and theory behind a set of CCT models for continuous type data using maximum likelihood inference methodology. We describe how bias parameters can be incorporated into these models. We introduce…
Descriptors: Maximum Likelihood Statistics, Test Items, Difficulty Level, Test Theory
Levy, Roy – Educational Psychologist, 2016
In this article, I provide a conceptually oriented overview of Bayesian approaches to statistical inference and contrast them with frequentist approaches that currently dominate conventional practice in educational research. The features and advantages of Bayesian approaches are illustrated with examples spanning several statistical modeling…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Models, Educational Research, Innovation
Piantadosi, Steven T.; Kidd, Celeste; Aslin, Richard – Developmental Science, 2014
Studies of infant looking times over the past 50 years have provided profound insights about cognitive development, but their dependent measures and analytic techniques are quite limited. In the context of infants' attention to discrete sequential events, we show how a Bayesian data analysis approach can be combined with a rational cognitive…
Descriptors: Infants, Eye Movements, Infant Behavior, Cognitive Development
Michaelides, Michalis P.; Haertel, Edward H. – Applied Measurement in Education, 2014
The standard error of equating quantifies the variability in the estimation of an equating function. Because common items for deriving equated scores are treated as fixed, the only source of variability typically considered arises from the estimation of common-item parameters from responses of samples of examinees. Use of alternative, equally…
Descriptors: Equated Scores, Test Items, Sampling, Statistical Inference
Wagler, Amy E.; Lesser, Lawrence M.; González, Ariel I.; Leal, Luis – Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 2015
A corpus of current editions of statistics textbooks was assessed to compare aspects and levels of readability for the topics of "measures of center," "line of fit," "regression analysis," and "regression inference." Analysis with lexical software of these text selections revealed that the large corpus can…
Descriptors: Lexicology, Grammar, Higher Education, Statistics
Huynh, Huynh; Rawls, Anita – Journal of Applied Measurement, 2011
There are at least two procedures to assess item difficulty stability in the Rasch model: robust z procedure and "0.3 Logit Difference" procedure. The robust z procedure is a variation of the z statistic that reduces dependency on outliers. The "0.3 Logit Difference" procedure is based on experiences in Rasch linking for tests…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Item Response Theory, Test Items, Difficulty Level
Frederickx, Sofie; Tuerlinckx, Francis; De Boeck, Paul; Magis, David – Journal of Educational Measurement, 2010
In this paper we present a new methodology for detecting differential item functioning (DIF). We introduce a DIF model, called the random item mixture (RIM), that is based on a Rasch model with random item difficulties (besides the common random person abilities). In addition, a mixture model is assumed for the item difficulties such that the…
Descriptors: Test Bias, Models, Test Items, Difficulty Level

Cohen, Jon; Snow, Stephanie – Journal of Educational Measurement, 2002
Studied the impact of changes in item difficulty on National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) estimates over time through a Monte Carlo study that simulated the responses of 1990 NAEP mathematics respondents to 1990 and 1996 NAEP mathematics items. Results support the idea that these changes have not affected the NAEP trend line.…
Descriptors: Change, Difficulty Level, Estimation (Mathematics), Mathematics Tests
Revuelta, Javier – Psychometrika, 2004
Two psychometric models are presented for evaluating the difficulty of the distractors in multiple-choice items. They are based on the criterion of rising distractor selection ratios, which facilitates interpretation of the subject and item parameters. Statistical inferential tools are developed in a Bayesian framework: modal a posteriori…
Descriptors: Multiple Choice Tests, Psychometrics, Models, Difficulty Level