The first two decades of the twenty-first century witnessed the blossoming of frameworks to conceptualize "21st-century skills" both in school and career. However, there is still a lack of consensus about what we are talking about when using the term "21st-century skills," as the existing frameworks on "21st-century…

Digital transformations within educational systems are recurrently justified by their promise to enhance learning activities and outcomes. We examine this claim in a study of pupils' perception and experiences with computer-based adaptive tests in higher classes in Danish public primary schools. The study relies on survey and interview data and…

In today's environment of growing class sizes due to the prevalence of online and e-learning systems, providing one-to-one instruction and feedback has become a challenging task for teachers. Anyhow, the dialectical integration of instruction and assessment into a seamless and dynamic activity can provide a continuous flow of assessment…

The term Adaptive E-learning System (AES) refers to the set of techniques and approaches that are combined together to offer online courses to the learners with the aim of providing customized resources and interfaces. Most of these systems focus on adaptive contents which are generated to the learners without considering the learning styles of…

According to the Committee on the Foundations of Educational Assessment, traditional educational assessment does a reasonable job of measuring knowledge of basic facts, procedures and proficiency of an area of the curriculum. However, the traditional approach fails to capture the breadth and richness of knowledge and cognition. Such a concern…