External representations (ERs), such as diagrams, animations, and dynamic models are vital tools for communicating and constructing knowledge in biochemistry. To build a meaningful understanding of structure, function, and process, it is essential that students become visually literate by mastering key cognitive skills that are essential for…

Discusses the relevancy of visual arts programs to the development of the capacity for visual symbolizing. Explains the use of visual symbols to communicate at a very general level, to communicate accurately and specifically, and to communicate uniquely and expressively. Suggests schools not cut visual arts programs. (RC)

The failure of research on media to deal with media's symbol systems is discussed. Nature of symbol systems is described and related to cognition and learning. Symbolic elements used by media can facilitate the cultivation of mental skills in interaction with individual differences and depth of processing. (Author/RD)