Describes a methodology that may offer an operationalized model that allows empirical analysis of paired associate versus symbolic learning. Presents an operational definition of the phenomenon in question and why it might be useful to model the phenomenon. Illustrates distinct advantages offered within this approach to scholars interested in…

The pros and cons of the influence of television on society are debated. Television is considered a means by which cultural information is transmitted and a powerful mechanism of socialization. However, television can be seen as a threat to the traditional role of literacy in society. (JN)

Presents an overview of the history of petroglyphs, or rock engravings, traditional methods of creating them, and sites for viewing them in the United States. Provides lists of books and videos about American Indian petroglyphs and a list of several art activities that can be linked to their study. (DSK)

Explores the operational and conceptual meanings of the iconicity of manual signs and sign languages. Empirical studies related to the operational definition of iconicity in American Sign Language are described, and implications of parallels between iconicity and "stimulus meaningfulness" are discussed in relation to the scientific…

Describes how infants and toddlers learn to use action, object, picture, and word symbols, and offers suggestions for educators and caregivers to facilitate symbol use. Discusses how adults can introduce books to young children and enhance the symbolic aspect of the care and education program. (KB)

Discusses the relevancy of visual arts programs to the development of the capacity for visual symbolizing. Explains the use of visual symbols to communicate at a very general level, to communicate accurately and specifically, and to communicate uniquely and expressively. Suggests schools not cut visual arts programs. (RC)