This study examines panel data from 31 provincial capitals in China from 2008 to 2022, focusing on the important relationship between compulsory education levels and urban economic resilience. Our findings reveal a concerning trend: disparities in education levels are widening, while urban economic resilience is exhibiting a pattern of "low-low clustering and high-high convergence," indicating an urgent need for targeted interventions. Higher levels of compulsory education significantly enhance urban economic resilience, underscoring the essential role of education in promoting economic stability. Additionally, the rationalization of industrial structure serves as a crucial mediator, strengthening the positive impact of education on resilience. We also identified a threshold effect associated with industrial structure upgrading that further influences this relationship. In light of these insights, it is vital to prioritize improvements in compulsory education. By investing in human capital and optimizing labor resources, while fostering effective industrial structures, we can substantially enhance urban economic resilience and pave the way for sustainable prosperity.