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Download full textJing Liu; Emily K. Penner; Wenjing Gao – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2023
Teachers' sense-making of student behavior determines whether students get in trouble and are formally disciplined. Status categories, such as race, can influence perceptions of student culpability, but the degree to which teachers' initial identification of student misbehavior exacerbates racial disproportionality in discipline receipt is…
Descriptors: Teachers, Urban Schools, Referral, Teacher Behavior
