This paper aims to identify critical constraints as perceived by U.S. and California women superintendents and to determine how these women overcame them. The Survey of Influences on Female Superintendents' Careers (SIFSC) was used in two studies to collect quantitative and qualitative data on women superintendents in the United States and in…

Possible relationships between five test examiner characteristics (gender, race, tenure, experience as a test administrator, and experience as a test developer or scorer) and six student achievement scores (reading, writing, language usage, mathematics, science, and social studies) were studied at the school level in a statewide assessment. The…

Psychology department heads throughout the country (1151) were surveyed to learn more about the individuals filling those positions. The response rate was 56 percent, with a usable sample of 86 percent men and 14 percent women. The questionnaire contained 35 multiple-choise items, primarily about characteristics of the school, the job, and the…

In November 1989, a study was conducted to determine if there were significant differences between ideal and actual supervisory behaviors of community college vocational supervisors, as perceived by vocational instructors and by the supervisors themselves. A random sample of 35 supervisors and 378 vocational instructors was selected from all…