A study compared pupil reactions to instruction in arithmetic by conventional methods and by programed instruction supplemented by teacher-supervised small group instruction. Subjects were 7th graders from two classes in Malmo, Sweden. Pre- and posttests and bimonthly observations were used to monitor arithmetic achievement, reading ability,…

Data from observations of 129 elementary, 362 junior, and 525 high school classes were analyzed to raise questions about classroom environment and classroom practices. Results gathered from four instruments are discussed: (1) physical environment inventory, which recorded classroom architectural arrangement, seating and grouping patterns,…