The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) conducts the triennial Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global yardstick for evaluating the quality, equity and efficiency of school systems. PISA regularly measures what 15-year-old students know and can do, and relates it to a wide range of aspects. For the first time in 2018, PISA included a "growth mindset" instrument to gauge students' beliefs about intelligence malleability. To date, this has been the most global attempt to study growth mindset, surveying some 600,000 students in 78 countries and economies. In September 2020, the OECD, in collaboration with the Yidan Prize Foundation, organised an international 3-day workshop that pursued a two-fold objective: (1) Raise awareness and understanding of ongoing research and practices on growth mindset through the exchange of information among researchers and practitioners; and (2) Explore and outline future research plans, including a collaborative international research infrastructure that would enhance growth mindset practices and policies. This workshop was an opportunity for PISA analysts to present the first preliminary cross-country analysis of growth mindset, and for researchers and practitioners to share the latest growth mindset developments and define the next steps of the research agenda. Capitalising on this event, the OECD has further analysed PISA data, linking growth mindset with learning outcomes, students' attitudes and well-being, teachers and school practices, and contextual features of educational systems. This report presents the PISA data and how it relates to the existing growth mindset literature. It is structured around 10 questions, progressively zooming out from the student level, to the teacher, school, and policy levels. Additional case studies summarise some of the workshop presentations or present relevant international practices pertaining to growth mindset development. This report provides insights to teachers and policy makers, and guides future actions towards better teaching practices and students' experience in schools. [This report was drafted with the statistical support of Rodrigo Castaneda Valle. The OECD Directorate for Education and Skills prepared this publication in collaboration with the Yidan Prize Foundation.]