In this paper, the teaching of writing to black students is examined within the broader context of the education of blacks in American society. The purpose of a cultural historical approach to literacy is said to be the focus on black students' powers of expression, rather than on the technical accomplishments of writing, spelling, and…

This paper attempts to set the record straight with regard to the following assumptions: (1) the Africans of the antiquities of Ethiopia and Egypt were black people; and (2) the same black people developed the foundation that provides the basis for the so-called major Western religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. There are two parts to…

The Nguzo Saba or "Seven Principles of Blackness" provide the fundamental basis for the development of an African America value system that is based on the cultural and historical particularisms of being Black in an American society that devalues Black efficacy and Black people. The fundamentals of this value system, foundational to the Kwanzaa…

The policies and actions of the Norfolk City Public Schools are having a devastating effect on black students. The system's suspension and suggested expulsion notice data and employment record are objective indicators that the system was not designed to educate black children. Black students are suspended nearly twice as often as white children…