Advantages of simulation are link between classroom and real experience, experiment with risk, intensive focus, and reflection on experience. It can involve rigorous and time-consuming preparation, unpredictable outcomes, and trainee resistance. Facilitators need good coaching skills and personal sensitivity. (SK)

Meaningful role plays have three phases: warm-up, which creates an environment that fosters interaction and overcomes resistance; action, during which protagonists and auxiliaries are chosen and the action is periodically frozen for reflection and feedback; and closure, to reinforce learning and plan its integration into job performance. (SK)

New applications of computer-assisted training being developed include telecommunications, artificial intelligence, soft skills training, and performance support systems. Barriers to acceptance are development time, costs, and lack of human contact. (SK)

Virtual reality, a three-dimensional simulation technology, may best be used (1) when training mistakes would be costly; (2) when the environment cannot be experienced in the real world; (3) to improve human-machine interfaces; (4) to make training situations real; and (5) to make the perceptible imperceptible. (SK)

McAteer discusses how simulations can provide rich learning environments and explains how to design behavioral simulations. MacDonald describes the use of the listening vignette in workshops on listening skills. (JOW)

Discusses the use of simulation, a form of interactive multimedia training that re-creates the work environment to a degree of near realism, as a training method. Discusses the benefits of simulations and the cost and process of developing materials. (JOW)

Explains how training simulations can make on-the-job learning faster and safer by providing hands-on experience and controlled environments. Offers tips for assessing the costs and designing and effective simulation. (Author)

The director of Northwestern University's Institute for the Learning Sciences describes software that creates simulated environments in which learners focus on skills rather than facts. Also addressed are learning motivation and learning style issues. (SK)