In mammalian species, behavior begins in utero, hidden within the mother's body. This biological fact has made it difficult to observe or to access fetuses, leaving the beginnings of behavior to the imagination or allowing it to be forgotten or ignored. Such truncation of perspective probably helped many to consider behavioral capabilities first…

Reports that textbooks and counseling approaches studied by prospective counselors largely omit information on biological foundations of human behavior, although biological factors often affect human behavior profoundly. Uses case study examples to show importance of biological factors. Recommends that counselor educators understand biological…

This paper examines whether a morally developed person is one who feels strongly about moral issues, or understands moral issues, or acts ethically when dealing with other people. It argues that the meaning of the term "moral" is concerned with how people ought to treat each other and that studies in morality should deal with the actions…