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Ericsson, K. Anders; Fox, Mark C. – Psychological Bulletin, 2011
Schooler's (2011) commentary of our meta-analysis (Fox, Ericsson, & Best, 2011), although thoughtful and generally complimentary, misclassifies the think-aloud method as a form of introspection. Although he praised the scientific rigor of the think-aloud method, Schooler criticized its limitations as a mode of capturing the full range of conscious…
Descriptors: Protocol Analysis, Cognitive Processes, Meta Analysis, Methods
Schooler, Jonathan W. – Psychological Bulletin, 2011
Fox, Ericsson, and Best's (2011) thoughtful justification of the use of think-aloud protocols for revealing the stream of consciousness comes on the centennial of the death of William James, history's greatest practitioner and advocate of introspection. This confluence naturally invites speculation about how James might have responded to the…
Descriptors: Protocol Analysis, Psychology, Cognitive Processes, Meta Analysis

College English, 1987
Contains (1) A Comment on "Protocols, Retrospective Reports, and the Stream of Consciousness" (Victor J. Vitanza); (2) "Erwin R. Steinberg Responds"; (3) A Comment on "Intertextuality and the Cultural Text in Recent Semiotics" (Stephen Kogan); and (4) Two Comments on "College English" (Kenneth E. Eble, Jean…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Culture, Instructional Effectiveness, Poetry

Whitney, Paul; Budd, Desiree – Discourse Processes, 1996
States that although the think-aloud method (TAM) is being used with increasing frequency in studying text comprehension, some skepticism of its value remains. Discusses assumptions behind TAM, aspects of comprehension it can reveal, and directions for research using TAM. Argues that TAM is a useful technique for tracking changes in the contents…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Inferences, Protocol Analysis, Reading Comprehension

Steinberg, Erwin R. – College English, 1986
Defends the use of verbal reports, or protocol analysis, as a valid means of understanding cognitive processes and writing processes. (SRT)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Psychology, Protocol Analysis, Writing Instruction
Steinberg, Erwin R. – 1985
Noting that recent issues of several scholarly journals have contained criticism of protocol analysis and the use of verbal reports in the analysis of the writing process, this paper examines some of the charges made and then explores the implications of the criticisms. Specific charges addressed in the paper include the following: (1) protocols…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Educational Theories, Protocol Analysis, Research Methodology

Dobrin, David N. – College English, 1986
Replies to Steinberg's article on protocol analysis in this issue and argues that even if the writing process is a problem-solving process, it is too complex to analyze sufficiently using protocols. (SRT)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Psychology, Models, Problem Solving
Flower, Linda – 1988
How writers come by, find, or create their sense of purpose and whether readers are at all aware of or affected by this purposeful, sometimes elaborate rhetorical structure the writer labored to construct are questions that have motivated critical discussions of the construction of purpose. Using think-aloud protocols, the construction of purpose…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Protocol Analysis, Reading Processes, Rhetoric

Kormos, Judit – TESOL Quarterly, 1998
Discusses the use of verbal reports--general verbal descriptions of cognitive processes and experiences of "subjects." This includes a variety of specific versatile research techniques that can be employed in the study of second-language speech production processes. (Author/VWL)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Guidelines, Language Research, Learning Experience

Randall, Alice; And Others – Reading Research and Instruction, 1986
Outlines procedures used in an investigation of college students' thinking aloud protocols and discusses the framework developed for differentiating student-text interactions and identifying the common problems of less able comprehenders. Suggests ways to use protocols to look into the ways students comprehend texts, to identify comprehension…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, College Students, Higher Education, Protocol Analysis

Naismith, Rachael; Stein, Joan – College and Research Libraries, 1989
Describes a study that measured students' comprehension of a selection of library terms. Protocol analyses were used to examine the reasoning processes employed by subjects. The results show that patrons misunderstand library terms approximately half of the time, and a continuum of solutions is offered. (16 references) (Author/CLB)
Descriptors: Academic Libraries, Cognitive Processes, College Freshmen, Communication Problems
White, Barbara Y.; Frederiksen, John R. – 1986
This report discusses the importance of presenting qualitative, causally consistent models in the initial stages of learning so that students can gain an understanding of basic electrical circuit concepts and principles that builds on their preexisting ways of reasoning about physical phenomena, and it argues that tutoring environments must help…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Processes, Electric Circuits, Experiential Learning
Martin, Ken – 1994
This study of the nature and characteristics of thinking examined how university students without full-time work experience and university graduates with work experience think when posed with an indeterminate situation. The focus was on such characteristics as expression tendencies, approaches to responding, thinking movements, and learning…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, College Graduates, College Students, Education Majors

Holmes, John L. – ESPecialist, 1986
Discusses recognition of cognates used in teaching materials prepared by the English for Specific Purposes Project for academic courses. Presents suggestions based on theoretical considerations of cognate recognition. Examines, by way of protocol studies, how foreign students of English make use of cognate recognition. Suggests that strategies for…
Descriptors: Applied Linguistics, Classroom Techniques, Cognitive Processes, English (Second Language)

Barba, Robertta H.; Rubba, Peter A. – School Science and Mathematics, 1992
Proposes the use of procedural task analysis as a tool to assess a person's mental processes during problem solving in science education research. Uses transcriptions of videotape or audiotape problem-solving sessions to identify students' knowledge structures and misconceptions. (MDH)
Descriptors: Audiotape Recordings, Cognitive Measurement, Cognitive Processes, Educational Diagnosis