Looks at problems in United States geographical education in the early nineteenth century as perceived by reformers of that period. Focuses on who the reformers were, what changes they advocated, and problems encountered by the reform movement. (Author/AEM)

Schools need to be improved holistically, becoming vigorous community institutions. It is the local school which must be the focus of the efforts of community action and parent and teacher support. There are several major problems which many schools must solve in their effort to improve the educational delivery systems in the 1980s. There need to…

Although Japanese society has long valued and practiced lifelong learning, it has not yet been successful in building an ethic that prizes learning, teaches creativity, and includes everyone. Bureaucratic and legal mechanisms undertaken in Japan to promote lifelong learning have included the establishment of Lifelong Learning Councils, a system…