The concept of independent learning is discussed. Independent learning is defined as learning in which the learner, in conjunction with relevant others, can make the decisions necessary to meet his or her own learning needs. This must be regarded as a direction or goal to be pursued, not as an absolute standard and not as a set of identifiable…

The early apprentice, his work regime, and his directive to travel are discussed. Apprentices had both a learning and a working relationship with their masters and they performed tasks that often brought them into contact with the adult world. The wanderjahre, the practice of requiring apprentices to wander, is described. (MLW)

Argues in favor of teaching thesis and the forms of exposition by means of assignments such as personal narrative, autobiography, and observation out of direct experience. Describes one such assignment. (RL)

Contextualizes the mathematical intelligence as revealed in the human tendencies, as supported by the extended family, and facilitated by choice within a responsive environment. Reviews the function of Montessori materials, including mathematical materials, and emphasizes that the personal intelligences are integral to all activities simply…

Emphasizes the intrinsic unity of all the intelligences as well as the inseparable nature of the interpersonal and intrapersonal. Emphasizes the theories of both Gardner and Montessori as a whole, and looks at common features in intelligence profiles and educational environments described by both. (MOK)

Self-management theory proposes that an individual organize activities around a set of goals that are carefully considered. These goals can help students develop a positive self-concept which in turn correlates with higher achievement. Primary grade teachers generally have ways in which to help learners see themselves as worthy, while in the…