Semiotic analysis is a method of analyzing signs (e.g., words) to reduce non-numeric data to their component parts without losing essential meanings. Semiotics dates back to Aristotle's analysis of language; it was much advanced by nineteenth-century analyses of style and logic and by Whitehead and Russell's description in this century of the role…

This commentary praises the clustering technique of data gathering from clients described by Carney (1992). It also cautions that analyzing qualitative data by quantitative means must be done with care, so that a matrix analysis and resulting interpretation of data gathered through the clustering technique, as Carney suggests, is valid and…

The mathematical extension from scalars to matrices as a prerequisite for univariate to multivariate generalizations of statistical concepts and methods is discussed. One reason for several alternative techniques is the multitude of ways to generalize from univariate concepts to multivariate concepts. The additional complexity, and lack of…